37 MUSICAL INITIATION HISTORY OF MUSIC AUDIO BOOKS Extracts from the book... Full box set containing: - The book (160 pages) Part 1: Instruments Part 2: Musical ensembles - 200 instruments presented - 30 types of musical ensembles explained - 700 great performers mentioned - 150 orchestras and bands listed - 1,500 musical works referenced - 100 films recommended - 300 illustrations to discover - 3 audio CDs - 160 extracts of instrumental solos - 30 orchestral extracts The world of instruments from the origins to the present day An extensive overview of instrument practices to read, to watch and to listen to. From prehistory through to the 21st century, go on a journey from one continent to another following the footsteps of Music... Each instrumental family is studied through a game of connections: each modern-day instrument is associated with its prehistoric and/or ancient “ancestors” and its “cousins” from other countries around the world. Other topics included: - references to films where each instrument is showcased - great virtuosos from the past and the present - repertoire masterworks - key figures in instrument-making. Ref. 6673 Pages 6-7 Pages 142-143 Page 127 The perfect tool for developing a broad musical culture! GREAT VIRTUOSOS Violin Niccolo PAGANINI Henryk WIENIAWSKI Joseph JOACHIM Georges ENESCO Pablo de SARASATE Eugène YSAŸE Fritz KREISLER Jascha HEIFETZ Nathan MILSTEIN Joseph SUK Sandor VEGH David OISTRAKH Yehudi MENUHIN Itzahk PERLMAN Isaac STERN Gidon KREMER Jacques THIBAUD Vladimir SPIVAKOV Gérard POULET Pinchas ZUKERMAN Anne-Sophie MUTTER Patrice FONTANAROSA Pierre AMOYAL Augustin DUMAY Olivier CHARLIER Raphaël OLEG Maxime VENGEROV Laurent KORCIA Nigel KENNEDY Hilary HAHN Jazz violin Joe VENUTI Ivry GITLIS Stephan GRAPPELLI Didier LOCKWOOD Viola Paul HINDEMITH Serge COLLOT Paul DOKTOR William PRIMROSE Lionel TERTIS Yuri BASHMET Gérard CAUSSE Bruno PASQUIER Pierre-Henri XUEREB Pierre LENERT Walter TRAMPLER Vinciane BERANGER Tabea ZIMMERMANN Yehudi MENUHIN © PHOTO J.P. LELOIR 6 ■ The VIOLIN was originally a lower-class instrument compared to the viols, but has now become the most important instrument in the symphony orchestra. It emerged in Italy in the 16th century and was perfected during the Baroque period by the famous violin makers of Cremona: Amati, Guarneri and Stradivari. It measures less than 60 centimetres and is held under the chin. The strings are tuned in fifths (G,D,A,E) and it has a range of nearly four octaves. The bridge has to withstand the particularly high string tension. The sound holes are f-shaped and the body almost flat. The violin's bright sound and extraordinary virtuosity allows it to play technical, intense and complex music. It is also widely played in the traditional music of Ireland, popular Hungarian, Jewish or Gypsy music, and also North American country music. ■The VIOLA is slightly bigger than the violin. It is tuned a fifth lower (C,G,D,A) and is played in the same way. Its lower register gave it an accompanying role up to the 19th century when its expressive qualitites and rich, deep tone were given predominant roles in many orchestral works by great composers such as Beethoven and Berlioz. fiddle, viol, violin, viola... T h e b owe d - s t r i n g f am i l y Tremolo (trembling), vibrato (vibrating), legato (smooth playing), staccato (detached notes), pizzicato (plucked), col legno (tapping with the wood of the bow), the use of the mute, double-stopping or glissando are just some of the many expressive techniques used by classical bowed-string players. The violin is a complex construction of around 80 different parts, made mainly of maple, pine and ebony. The trees to be used must be felled during the winter at high altitude, then dried out for 10 to 20 years. The strings are made of sheep-gut, wound with metal, or of steel (for the highest string). STRADIVARIUS (1644-1737), whose recipe for varnish remains a mystery, made around 1200 violins, of which only 600 are still in circulation today. They are bought and sold for astronomical prices in the world of artists and collectors... n°2 to13 © PHOTO SAICO © PHOTO SAICO Great virtuosos n°15 001_016_Monde_Instr_GB.indd 6 10/04/06 14:02:12 ON THE SCREEN ■ The SARANGI is the principal bowed instrument in the music of Northern India. It is held vertically on the knees. Its wide, short neck has three thick melody strings plus around thirty sympathetic strings (which vibrate by resonance). The body is a hollowed-out block covered with stretched parchment. Sarangis are also found in Pakistan and Nepal. ■ The ERHU is used to accompany singers in classical Chinese music. Its body is made of hard-wood or of coconut, can be either hexagonal or octagonal, and is covered by a lizard or snakeskin. The neck is made of a length of bamboo and the head sometimes sculpted as a dragon's head or a bat. Its two strings are made of silk. Many different versions of this instrument exist throughout South-Eastern Asia. ■The IMZAD is an African monochord played by Touareg women only. Its construction is very rudimentary: half a gourd is covered by a goat, lizard or iguana-skin. The bow is of a characteristic arc-shape and strung with horsehair. The imzad is used to accompany moralising songs and entertainments. ■ The I ranian long-necked f iddle, the KAMANTCHEH appeared in Paris during the 15th century. Its small body, covered with snake-skin, is made of mulberry and its tuning pegs of ivory. It is held vertically on a metal spike which allows the musician to pivot the instrument whilst playing. Tradtionally the kamantcheh has three strings made of silk and has a very soft tone. It is popular in many Arabic countries and is also played in Irakian djalghi orchestras. CORDOPHONES Cordophones 7 Sarangi Ram NARAYAN Sultan KHAN Erhu Liu T’IEN-HUA Kamantcheh Asqar BAHARI Mahmoud TABRIZI-ZADEH “A VIOLIN ON THE ROOF” Norman JEWISON (1971) A musical comedy with a leitmotiv played on the violin by Isaac Stern. “UN CŒUR EN HIVER” Claude SAUTET (1992) The meeting of an instrument-maker and a violinist. “TOGETHER WITH YOU” Chen Kaige (2003) The adolescence of a young virtuoso musician... On the screen PHOTO BRIAND PHOTO BRIAND SERGE HAERRIG PHOTO BRIAND n°14 001_016_Monde_Instr_GB.indd 7 10/04/06 14:02:19 ON THE SCREEN 142 ■INDIA Classical Indian music is based on râga and tâla: these are the melodic and rhythmic structures corresponding to many different atmospheres, feelings, colours, times of day or seasons. Their interpretation is highly complex, subtle and ornamented, and requires many years of study and practice. The main instruments played are the tambura lute (playing drones), the sitar (melodic) and the tabla drums (rapid rhythms). “Wo r l d ” mu s i c On the screen INDIA “INDIAN NOCTURNE” Alain CORNEAU (1989) TIBET “SEVEN YEARS IN TIBET” Jean-Jacques ANNAUD (1997) CHINA “THE LAST EMPEROR” Bernardo BERTOLUCCI (1987) © SYRINX ACADEMY n°26 129_144_Monde_Instr_GB.indd 142 10/04/06 15:26:40 WORLDMUSIC Worldmusic 143 ■TIBET Tibetan ensembles play religious music from the monasteries. The gong does not take part, being reserved for processions and for calling the monks to prayer. In the orchestra, pairs of instruments play sometimes together, sometimes alternating: - 2 gya ling (oboes) - 2 dung kar (conch shells) - 2 kang-ling (short trumpets) - 2 dung chen (long trumpets) - 2 pairs of rölmo and silnen cymbals, played by the leader of the ritual who directs the whole orchestra, - 2 nga drums and a small damaru drum - 1 tribal bell. ■CHINA Chinese music is based on a scale of twelve notes called “liu” which corresponds to the twelve moons, twelve months and the twelve hours of the day. Sound creates a link ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Urumqui Musicians, Xingjiang, China © Hoa-Qui Distribution - Photo Éric Bécarassat n°27 n°28 129_144_Monde_Instr_GB.indd 143 10/04/06 15:26:44 WINDBANDS Wind bands 127 ■ The Middle Ages inherited brass ensembles from ancient times and used them to acclaim the grandeur and honour of kings during ceremonious occasions and hunting parties. ■ During the Renaissance, the brilliant sound of brass fanfares was used by composers such as G. Gabrielli in his Sinfoniae Sacrae, with a repertoire of sacred music to be played from the tribunes in churches. ■ Fanfares were also used in opera from the 17th century. They were appreciated for their dramatic power and for certain mythical associations. W i n d e n s emb l e s - Sinfonia Hungarica, J. van der ROOST - The Lord of the Rings / Loch Ness, J. de MEIJ - Victory, J. de HAAN - Long Beach, J. NAULAIS - The Year of the Dragon, P. SPARKE - Poem of Fire, I. GOTKOWSKI Military marches - March of the Consular Guard at Marengo, FURGEOT - Sambre et Meuse, RAUSKI - Marche de la 2e D.B., CLOWEZ - Marche des soldats de Robert Bruce, J. BROUQUIERES - Marche du souvenir, R. CARDON - Les Commandos du ciel, P. LIESENFELT - Boléro militaire, J. DEVOGEL - Marche Lorraine, L. GANNE In 1910, John Philip SOUSA led his orchestra on a triumphant world tour, playing a repertoire of rousing marches. Cavalry Fanfare of the Garde Républicaine © PHOTO Garde Républicaine / VPC PHOTO FUZEAU 113_128_Monde_Instr_GB.indd 127 10/04/06 15:22:21
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